Fuel Cell Vehicles

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https://www.drive.com.au/motor-news/why-australian-innovation-is-driving-hydrogen-cars-gwxnp2

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https://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/11/20141118-mirai.html

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https://www.toyota.com.au/news/toyota-australia-extends-hydrogen-mirai-fcev-loan-program

 

https://ssl.toyota.com/mirai/index.html

 

https://reneweconomy.com.au/old-toyota-car-plant-to-become-green-hydrogen-hub-with-backing-of-arena-56652/

 

https://www.caradvice.com.au/737127/toyota-australia-announces-multi-million-dollar-hydrogen-filling-station-at-altona/

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https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-05-15/electric-vehicles-are-overwhelmingly-more-energy-efficient

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https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/05/20190516-bnef.html

 

 

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https://www.nap.edu/read/10922/chapter/10

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https://newatlas.com/nasa-cheeta-funding-aircraft-fuel-cell/59725/

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TUM develops water splitting catalyst

 

Chemists at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) have developed an efficient water splitting catalyst. The catalyst comprises a double-helix semiconductor structure encased in carbon nitride. It is perfect for producing hydrogen economically and sustainably.

An inorganic double-helix compound comprising the elements tin, iodine and phosphorus (SnIP) forms the core of the structure.

It is synthesized in a simple process at temperatures around 400 degrees Celsius. The SnIP fibers are flexible and, at the same time, robust as steel.

 

“The material combines the mechanical properties of a polymer with the potential of a semiconductor,” says Tom Nilges, Professor of Synthesis and Characterization of Innovative Materials at the Technical University of Munich. “From this, we can manufacture flexible semiconductor components in a further technical step.”

 

 

 

 

The use as a water splitting catalyst is the first application for the unusual material. The chemists prepared nanoparticles from each of the starting substances and mixed the suspensions of these two nanoparticles with each other. The result was a structure with a hard but flexible SnIP-core and a soft carbon nitride shell.

Measurements show that the resulting heterogeneous structure is not only significantly more stable than either of the initial materials.

It also splits water four times more efficiently than was previously possible, making it interesting as a material for producing cheap hydrogen or to chemically store surplus electricity from wind farms.

Knowing that the catalyst’s great efficiency stems primarily from its large surface, the chemists increased the surface area by splitting the SnIP fibers into thinner strands. A mixture of 30 percent SnIP and 70 percent carbon nitride turned out to be the most effective.

The thinnest fibers comprise several double helix strands and are merely a few nanometers thick. The material is in principle one-dimensional. Wrapping it in carbon nitride allows the material to retain its high reactivity while becoming more durable – thereby making it more suitable as a catalyst.

But the one-dimensional SnIP double-helices also open the door to very different kinds of applications. The researchers would be particularly keen on obtaining single strands of SnIP. These would then be right or left handed – with their own respective very special optical properties. This makes SnIP a highly attractive material for optoelectronics.

“We were able to show theoretically that many other compounds of this kind are possible. Currently we are working on the synthesis of these materials,” says Nilges. “Flexible, inorganic, nanometer-sized, 1D semiconductors might create as much hype as 2D layered materials like graphene, phosphors, or molybdenum disulfide do today