Measuring CNG.

[Anisha fatima + 8]

How can we measure CNG? 

[Coffeeguyzz + 454]

Anisha 

What application are you thinking of when attempting to measure the CNG?

Standard volume size in ambient pressure state - presented in cubic feet/cubic meters - would allow the general scope of the example to have some practical context.

 

Starting with, say, an empty scuba tank - having about 1/4 cubic foot volume - one gets 80 cubic feet when the pressure is pumped (compressed) up to 3,000 psi.

Any diver using this hardly cares as he/she would be interested in allowable 'time on the bottom' if  the scuba tank were full, half full, etc.

 

Same general principal holds for CNG. 

While the 'virtual pipelines' of truck-transported methane are certainly concerned with the volume count (in cubic feet) of delivered methane to paper mills, industrial storage customers, pipeline injections, etc., any driver of CNG-fueled  cars/trucks simply cares about 'how far can I go?' when fueling up their vehicles.

As the total gaseous volume is dependent upon container volume and pressure (and, to an extent, temperature), conventional useage is expressed in liquid equivalent ... GGE (Gallon of Gasoline Equivalent) being the most common.

Passenger cars having 22 GGE capacity is considered a desireable threshold.

 

With the stunning, yet grossly under reported advances being made in the adsorption field ('d', not 'b'),  it should not be surprising to see reports out of Asia in the coming years of rapid adoption of CNG vehicles.

Cutting edge MOFs/COFs (Metallic/Covalent Organic Frameworks) can hold astonishing amounts of methane at low pressure.

Historically, active carbon has been this 'sponge.

Supposedly there are now COFs the size of a grape that have internal surface area equivalent to 2 football fields (10,000 square feet).

Every bit of that surface area can hold methane molecules.

Thatsalotta CNG.

[ronwagn + 6,290]

The information you just stated is very importand and yet is rarely spoken of. Similar to the fact that any small tank could get the average person around town and be refilled overnight with a low pressure tank that is conformable to the space available. The low pressure pump equipment at home could make this easy, compared to all of the older tanks even of the highest quality. You just need a natural gas line and pump. No retail prices or taxes. 

There are presently twice as many natural gas vehicles on the roads worldwide than electric and they fuel large trucks and small autos. 

My Natural Gas Vehicle Topic:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DjSFf0dyd74Wx-OdtmNaHfGiRCmDgrZmRwyIR9NNv8c/edit

http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/spongelike-crystal-could-make-it-easier-natural-gas-powered-cars-store-fuel 

Spongelike crystal could make it easier for natural gas–powered cars to store fuel

http://www.ngvjournal.com/

Worldwide NGV statistics

 

 

Country	Natural Gas Vehicles (a)	N/m³ monthly sales average	Refuelling stations	Refuelling stations under construction or projected
Afganistan	1.701		2
Germany	98.172	23.000.000	921	1
Algeria	215		4
Argentina	2.487.349	239.815.000	1.939
Armenia	244.000	26.520.000	345
Australia	3.110		52	10
Austria	8.332	13.500.000	180
Bangladesh	220.000	91.550.000	585
Belarus	4.600		42
Belgium	1.053		20	21
Bolivia	300.000	26.278.135	178
Bosnia & Herzegovina	35		3
Brasil	1.781.102	144.535.636	1.805
Bulgaria	61.320	15.000.000	110	7
Canada	14.205		89
Chile	8.164	3.200.000	15	70
China	3.994.350		6.502	2.913
Colombia	500.000	45.000.000	800
South Korea	40.532	93.000.000	201
Croatia	329	80.000	3	1
Denmark	104		7	3
Egypt	207.617	46.850.000	181
Ecuador	40		1
United Arab Emirates	4.179		18	54
Slovakia	426	1.000.000	14	4
Slovenia	58	8.200	7	1
Spain	3.990	94.060.000	86	12
United States	150.000	77.520.000	1.615	239
Estonia	340	20.000	5	1
Philippines	20		1
Finland	1.800	420.000	26	1
France	13.550	6.000.000	311	11
Georgia	80.600		100	25
Greece	1.000	1.330.000	7	7
Hungary	5.118	220.000	19	10
India	1.800.000	163.210.000	936
Indonesia	5.690		11	4
Iran	4.068.632	630.000.000	2.268
Ireland	3			9
Iceland	2.016	17.000	6
Italy	885.300	75.000.000	1.060
Japan	42.590		314
Kazakhstan	20		1	90
Kyrgyzstann	6.000	600.000	6
Latvia	29	3.000	2
Liechtenstein	143	100.000	2	1
Lithuania	380	200.000	5	4
Luxembourg	270		7	2
Macedonia	54	20.000	1	3
Malaysia	55.999	14.800.000	184
Mexico	2.620	1.375.000	8
Moldova	2.200	400.000	24
Montenegro			1
Mozambique	1.380	240.000	5	2
Myanmar	27.137		45
Nigeria	3.798		8	10
Norway	667	16.400.000	22	4
Netherlands	7.573		147	31
New Zealand	201		14
Panama	15
Pakistan	3.700.000	245.750.000	2.997
Peru	183.786	18.562.500	237
Poland	3.590	760.000	88	52
Portugal	586	1.160.000	5	1
Qatar	76		1
United Kingdom	663	3.000.000	22	5
Czech Republic	8.817	2.000.000	101	30
Dominican Republic	10.909		15	100
Rumania	2		2
Russia	90.050	33.750.000	253	15
Serbia	878	31.000	10	2
Singapore	4.638	1.030.000	3
South Africa	937		3	5
Sweden	46.715	11.700.000	213
Switzerland	11.640	1.610.000	167	3
Thailand	462.454	184.200.000	497
Tajikistan	10.600	4.130.000	53
Tanzania	55		1	2
Trinidad and Tobago	3.535	1.800.000	11	22
Tunisia	34		1
Turkmenistan			1
Turkey	3.850	4.200.000	14
Ukraine	170.000	52.000.000	325
Uzbekistan	450.000		213	50
Venezuela	90.000	8.152.054	166	300
Vietnam	462		7
Total	22.404.405	2.182.877.525	26.677	4.138

http://www.ngvjournal.com/s1-news/c3-vehicles/india-maruti-suzuki-sells-300000-units-of-the-wagonr-s-cng

India: Maruti Suzuki sells 300,000 units of the WagonR S-CNG

http://www.ngvjournal.com/50-reasons-for-using-ngvcng/

50 Reasons for Using NGV/CNG

Infrastructure

 

1. Almost 85 countries from all five continents use NGV/CNG.

2. More than 20 million vehicles run on this noble fuel today.

3. Cars refuel at over 25 thousand filling stations spread throughout 2,900 cities worldwide.

4. There are 1,338 service stations under construction. By end 2020, 38,000 fuel dispensing points will supply methane for vehicles.

5. 180 OEM NGVs are offered by vehicle manufacturers. OEMs’ interest is growing: Ford, Scania, Opel, GM, Mercedes Benz, Toyota, Hyundai, Tata, Fiat –among others- are clear examples.

6. The relation oil reserves-demand has reached the critical point or “peak oil” while a similar situation is not foreseen in the case of natural gas.

7. Natural gas exploration keeps expanding into both traditional wells and compact sand deposits. Coal bed methane constitutes a new alternative. Methane hydrate reserves on the sea bed are countless and several times larger than traditional reserves.

8. Conventional gas pipelines networks continue to proliferate. Underwater pipelines are built across oceans and others over mountain ranges.

9. The use of mobile natural gas pipelines –on trucks or trailers- makes NGV/CNG available where there are no physical pipelines either because of long distances or because of the scale of the demand.

10. In typical NGV/CNG refueling stations, owners do not have to rely on the arrival of trucks for the fuel supply since it is constantly provided by the pipeline.

11. It is possible for some users to refill their NGV/CNG cars at home because there are dispensers that take natural gas directly from the domestic distribution network.

12. Liquefaction and regasification terminals allow –through LNG technology- that natural gas arrives at any place of the planet. LNG carriers guarantee its global distribution and the possibility of providing support for larger supply. LNG transport does not entail the huge risks of ecological disaster that oil poses.

13. NGV/CNG industry involves an 800,000 people labour force worldwide, between technicians and workers.

 

Applications

 

14. Natural gas for vehicles may replace all liquid fuels in all their applications and more, whereas the opposite is not possible

15. Regarding land transport, there are cars, vans, scooters, motorbikes, tricycles, all types of buses and trucks that run on this fuel.

16. In addition, cranes, farm machinery, snow cats, planes, light aircraft, motorboats, ferries and trains –among others- are already NGV/CNG-propelled successfully.

 

Politics and saving

 

17. Oil price is extremely unstable and its trend �������especially after the last big international crisis- is definitely upwards again.

18. More and more governments promote natural gas as the core of their energy matrix to break the dependence generated by the permanent liquid fuels importation.

19. However, nations which are big oil producers, like Iran or Venezuela, encourage the use of natural gas in their domestic markets to increase their oil exports.

20. Natural gas is the only abundant, eco-friendly, economically viable fuel with the infrastructure required to supply the world’s automotive fleet for the next 40 years.

21. The world average indicates that driving an NGV is 66% cheaper than using a gasoline vehicle and 33% more economical than diesel.

22. Countries that import fuels have to pay 50% less for natural gas (LNG) than for liquid fuels like diesel (per equivalent unit of energy).

 

Ecology and health

 

23. NGV/CNG engines produce 25% less carbon dioxide than gasoline and 35% less than diesel. The CO2 contributes to global climate change due to greenhouse effect.

24. They reduce carbon monoxide emissions by 95% compared to gasoline, hydrocarbons emissions by 80% and nitrogen oxides’ by 30%.

25. NGV/CNG does not contain sulphur (there are diesel engines that release 18.4 g/h), particulate matter, lead or heavy metals traces.

26. NGV/CNG cylinders are hermetically sealed receptacles, while by using gasoline, part of it -contained in the tank- evaporates. This causes almost half of the contamination by hydrocarbons associated with the vehicular application.

27. Unlike gasoline, natural gas for vehicles does not have toxic additives of organic lead or benzene, the latter being highly carcinogenic.

28. Natural gas is not toxic or corrosive and does not contaminate groundwater at all. That is why there is no environmental risk in case of leakage, contrasting with the harmful environmental effects brought about by oil spills.

29. NGV/CNG engines decrease noise pollution by having a smoother and more silent performance than gasoline engines and especially diesel ones.

30. Biogas (methane from the breakdown of organic matter) turns natural gas into a renewable fuel that can be produced in the whole world. Biogas production from agricultural goods yields four more times per hectare than liquid biofuels.

31. Natural gas complies with the strictest environmental standards required by governments and regulating agencies. It is the large-scale use fuel with the lowest contamination levels.

32. It is the necessary bridge to hydrogen (immediate promise in terms of clean fuels, not yet available on a large scale), given its molecular structure and the logistics required for its implementation.

 

Safety

 

33. NGV/CNG is not a new technology. It has 70 years of history. It is widely proven and its technological advances are constant.

34. Being lighter than air, in case of eventual leakage, compressed natural gas rises and rapidly dissipates. Instead, gasoline spills and moves downwards, what increases fire and explosion risk considerably during an accident or leakage.

35. NGV/CNG requires a 600º C temperature for ignition while gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas ignite at 450º C. This is the reason why it is much more improbable that an NGV catches fire, under any circumstance.

36. The fuel circuit for natural gas is hermetic and has no air inside. Therefore there is no spontaneous ignition. On the contrary, in liquid fuels tanks, there is always flammable mixture, since they are open to the atmosphere.

37. Cylinders are manufactured under very strict safety norms and are subject to tests with pressures much higher than the ones existing during a regular refilling.  Design and testing pressure is 300 Bar, they do not explode at less than 460 Bar, and the working pressure is 200 Bar.

38. Due to their robustness, structure, shape and its location inside the vehicle, cylinders are much less dangerous than a gasoline tank in case of collision. For example, they undergo tests with fire and firearms.

 

Mechanics

 

39. Natural gas for vehicles has higher octane number than gasoline (125 vs. 90), what provides combustion without self-ignition, even in engines of higher compression and efficiency.

40.  Furthermore, combustion is total, because the mixture between NGV/CNG and air is perfect at any ambient temperature.

41. The oil that lubricates the engine is less contaminated if natural gas is employed, and intervals between oil changes are twice as long.

42. There are no sediments and the spark plugs are kept clean. The walls of the engine cylinders are not washed, what results in better and more effective lubrication.

43. Combustion gases are not corrosive. By not damaging metals, the life of the exhaust pipe and silencers is longer.

44. The gaseous nature of the fuel eliminates the scanning actions in the cylinders during fast acceleration periods, with the advantage of reducing the corrosion of metal surfaces.

45. The engine presents great performance flexibility during accelerations without irregularities or backfires, even at low direct speed.

46. Converted vehicles may switch from using NGV/CNG to gasoline by simply pushing a button or turning a knob while driving.

47.  NGV-gasoline bifuel system doubles the car’s driving range.

48.  Natural gas vehicles operate in all terrains, even across mountains. In this sense, a truck –with a 37-tonnes load- drove above 4,800 meters high in the Peruvian Andes in May 2008.

49. NGV/CNG works fine under any climate condition. Since the fuel does not freeze –not even at low temperatures- the vehicle will always be ready to be used. NGV/CNG components are tested at -40°C during its approval process. Natural gas only liquefies at 165 °C.

50. What is more, the speeds it may reach are similar to racing cars’ speeds. A biogas Audi A4 entered the Guinness Book of Records by achieving 364.6 km/h in April 2009, thus becoming the fastest NGV/CNG-driven car of the world. The milestone was reached on the Formula One Nürburgring race track in Germany.
 

Edited March 25, 2021 by ronwagn
reference

[Anisha fatima + 8]

That's great!