TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 11 minutes ago, Ecocharger said: It means that the renewable sector is even worse than we thought, not just producing high amounts of CO2, but also SF6 which appears to be the greater threat than CO2 going forward if fossil fuels are to be replaced with electrical energy. Fossil fuels are used to make electricity. How about the oil industry fixes the much larger methane leaks first? However, I'm glad you now see that the future is (green) electric. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 3 hours ago, TailingsPond said: Just accept that fossil-fuel based electricity does the same thing. Or are you just anti-electricity now? Should we go back to oil lamps? Try again. Read the material, SF6 is many thousands of times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2. A much greater concern and wholly the fault of the renewable sector. Like, how dumb can the guys at the top actually get? Is this really beyond the most basic understanding of the leadership? The dumbing of America begins at the top. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 3 hours ago, TailingsPond said: Fossil fuels are used to make electricity. How about the oil industry fixes the much larger methane leaks first? However, I'm glad you now see that the future is (green) electric. Methane has shown to be an insignificant contributor to greenhouse gas effect. However, SF6 is a growing threat, a much greater threat than CO2, mainly due to the push for renewable energy. The guys at the top are picking a different and more deadly poison. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
notsonice + 1,255 DM March 31 (edited) 25 minutes ago, Ecocharger said: Methane has shown to be an insignificant contributor to greenhouse gas effect. However, SF6 is a growing threat, a much greater threat than CO2, mainly due to the push for renewable energy. The guys at the top are picking a different and more deadly poison. Methane has shown to be an insignificant contributor to greenhouse gas effect. More BS.......do you love destroying the Earth????? How much worse is methane than co2? Methane is a potent greenhouse gas that has more than 80 times the warming power of carbon dioxide over the first 20 years after it reaches the atmosphere. Even though CO2 has a longer-lasting effect, methane sets the pace for warming in the near term. Methane: A crucial opportunity in the climate fight Edited March 31 by notsonice Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
notsonice + 1,255 DM March 31 Ecochump once again is BSing everyone U.S. Environmental Protection Agency https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#electricity Less than 1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the sector come from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), an insulating chemical used in electricity transmission and distribution equipment. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions On this page: Overview Electric Power Transportation Industry Commercial/Residential Agriculture Land Use/Forestry Overview Greenhouse gases trap heat and make the planet warmer. Human activities are responsible for almost all of the increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the last 150 years.1 The largest source of greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in the United States is from burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation. EPA tracks total U.S. emissions by publishing the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. This annual report estimates the total national greenhouse gas emissions and removals associated with human activities across the United States by source, gas, and economic sector. Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic SectorImage to save or print Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector and Electricity End-Use Image to save or print Total Emissions in 2021 are 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Greenhouse gas emissions from commercial and residential buildings increase substantially when emissions from electricity end-use are included, due to the relatively large share of electricity use (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; lighting; and appliances) in these sectors. Also, if emissions from electricity use are allocated to the industrial end-use sector, industrial activities account for a much larger share of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. More information is also in the electricity end-use emissions section of this page. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagrams. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021. The primary sources of greenhouse gas emissions by economic sector in the United States are: Transportation (28% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – The transportation sector generates the largest share of greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from transportation primarily come from burning fossil fuel for our cars, trucks, ships, trains, and planes. Over 94% of the fuel used for transportation is petroleum based, which includes primarily gasoline and diesel.2 Electricity production (25% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Electric power generates the second largest share of greenhouse gas emissions and includes emissions from electricity production used by other end use sectors (e.g., industry). In 2021, 60% of our electricity comes from burning fossil fuels, mostly coal and natural gas.3 Industry (23% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials. If emissions from electricity use are allocated to the industrial end-use sector, industrial activities account for a much larger share (30%) of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Commercial and Residential (13% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions from the commercial and residential sector include fossil fuels burned for heat and the use of gases for refrigeration and cooling in buildings, and non-building specific emissions such as the handling of waste. Greenhouse gas emissions from commercial and residential buildings also increase substantially when emissions from electricity end-use are included, due to the relatively large share of electricity use (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; lighting; and appliances) in these sectors When emissions from electricity use are allocated to the commercial and residential end-use sector, commercial and residential activities account for a much larger share (30%) of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture (10% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture come from livestock such as cows, agricultural soils, and rice production. Land Use and Forestry (offsets 12% of 2021 greenhouse gas emissions) – While not shown in the figure, land areas can act as a sink (absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere) or a source of greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States, since 1990, managed forests and other lands are a net sink, i.e., they have absorbed more CO2 from the atmosphere than they emit. Trends Since 1990, gross U.S. greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by just over 2%. From year to year, emissions can rise and fall due to changes in the economy, the price of fuel, and other factors. In 2021, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions increased 5% compared to 2020 levels. In 2020, there was a sharp decline in emissions largely due to the impacts of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on travel and other economic activity. In 2021, the increase in total greenhouse gas emissions was driven largely by an increase in CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion due to economic activity rebounding after the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion increased by 7% relative to the previous year. CO2 emissions from natural gas consumption increased by less than 1 % relative to 2020. In a shift from recent trends, CO2 emissions from coal consumption increased by 15% from 2020. The increase in natural gas consumption and emissions in 2021 is observed across all sectors except the Electric Power sector and U.S. Territories, while the coal increase is primarily in the Electric Power sector. Emissions from petroleum use also increased by 9% in 2021, and CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion were 2% below emissions in 1990. Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990-2021 Note: All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021. Image to save or print References IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. . IPCC (2022): Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 U.S. Energy Information Administration (2022). Electricity Explained - Basics Electric Power Sector Emissions Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total Emissions in 2021 = 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. The Industry and Commercial/Residential (including buildings) sectors consume large amounts of electricity. The share of overall emissions in these end-use sectors is significantly higher when including indirect electricity-related emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from commercial and residential buildings and industry increase substantially when emissions from electricity end-use are included, due to the relatively large share of electricity use (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; lighting; and appliances) in these sectors. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print The Electricity power sector involves the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity. Carbon dioxide (CO2) makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions from the sector, but smaller amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are also emitted. These gases are released during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, to produce electricity. Less than 1% of greenhouse gas emissions from the sector come from sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), an insulating chemical used in electricity transmission and distribution equipment. Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Electric Power Sector by Fuel Source Coal combustion is more carbon-intensive than burning natural gas or petroleum for electric power production. Although coal use accounted for 59% of CO2 emissions from the sector, it represented only 23% of the electricity generated in the United States in 2021. Natural gas use accounted for 37% of electricity generation in 2021, and petroleum use accounted for less than 1%. The remaining generation in 2021 came from non-fossil fuel sources, including nuclear (20%) and renewable energy sources (20%), which include hydroelectricity, biomass, wind, and solar.1 Most of these non-fossil sources, such as nuclear, hydroelectric, wind, and solar, are non-emitting. Trends In 2021, the electric power sector was the second largest source of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 25% of the U.S. total. Electric power sector emissions increased 7% in 2021. Greenhouse gas emissions from electric power production have decreased by about 15% since 1990 due to a shift in generation to lower- and non-emitting sources of electricity generation and an increase in end-use energy efficiency. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electric Power, 1990-2021 All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Electricity End-Use Electricity is used by other end-use sectors—in homes, businesses, and factories—and the greenhouse gas emissions from electricity generation can be allocated to the sectors that use the electricity. Looking at greenhouse gas emissions by end-use sector can help us understand energy demand across sectors and changes in energy use over time. When emissions from electric power generation are allocated to the industrial end-use sector, industrial activities account for a much larger share of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from commercial and residential buildings also increase substantially when emissions from electricity end-use are included, due to the relatively large share of electricity use (e.g., heating, ventilation, and air conditioning; lighting; and appliances) in these sectors. The transportation sector currently has a relatively low percentage of electricity use, but it is growing due to the use of electric and plug-in vehicles. Reducing Emissions from Electric Power Production There are a variety of opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with electric power production, transmission, and distribution. The table below categorizes these opportunities and provides examples. For a more comprehensive list, see Chapter 6 (PDF) (88 pp, 3.6MB) of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.2 Example Reduction Opportunities for the Electric Power Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced Examples Increased Efficiency of Fossil-fired Power Plants and Fuel Switching Increasing the efficiency of existing fossil fuel-fired power plants by using advanced technologies, substituting less carbon-intensive fuels, and shifting generation from higher-emitting to lower-emitting power plants. Converting a coal-fired boiler to use of natural gas, or co-firing natural gas. Converting a single-cycle gas turbine into a combined-cycle turbine. Shifting dispatch of electric generators to lower-emitting units or power plants. Renewable Energy Using renewable energy sources rather than fossil fuel to generate electricity. Increasing the share of total electricity generated from wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal sources, as well as certain biofuel sources, through the addition of new renewable energy generating capacity. Increased End-Use Energy Efficiency Reducing electricity use and peak demand by increasing energy efficiency and conservation in homes, businesses, and industry. EPA's ENERGY STAR® partners avoided over 400 million metric tons of greenhouse gases in 2020 alone, helped Americans save over $42 billion in energy costs, and reduced electricity use by 520 billion kWh. Nuclear Energy Generating electricity from nuclear energy rather than the combustion of fossil fuels. Extending the life of existing nuclear plants and building new nuclear generating capacity. Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) Capturing CO2 as a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion before it enters the atmosphere, transporting the CO2, injecting the CO2 deep underground at a carefully selected and suitable subsurface geologic formation where it is securely stored. Capturing CO2 from the stack of a coal-fired power plant and then transferring the CO2 via pipeline, injecting the CO2 deep underground at a carefully selected and suitable nearby abandoned oil field where it is securely stored. Learn more about CCS. References U.S. Energy Information Administration (2022). Electricity Explained - Basics. IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 Transportation Sector Emissions Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total Emissions in 2021 = 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print The Transportation sector includes the movement of people and goods by cars, trucks, trains, ships, airplanes, and other vehicles. The majority of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation are carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the combustion of petroleum-based products, like gasoline and diesel fuel, in internal combustion engines. The largest sources of transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions include passenger cars, medium- and heavy-duty trucks, and light-duty trucks, including sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and minivans. These sources account for over half of the emissions from the transportation sector. The remaining greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector come from other modes of transportation, including commercial aircraft, ships, boats, and trains, as well as pipelines and lubricants. Relatively small amounts of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) are emitted during fuel combustion. In addition, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions also occur from the Transportation sector. These emissions result from the use of mobile air conditioners and refrigerated transport. Trends Related Links Carbon Pollution from Transportation EPA and U.S. DOE Fuel Economy SmartWay Smart Growth Renewable Fuel Standard U.S. Inventory's section on Fossil Fuel Combustion In 2021, greenhouse gas emissions from transportation accounted for 28% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, making it the largest contributor of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. From 1990 to 2021, total transportation emissions from fossil fuel combustion increased by 19%. In 2021, emissions increased by 12%, which followed a decline of 13% in 2020 due to reduced travel demand during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. The largest sources of transportation greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 were light-duty trucks, which include sport utility vehicles, pickup trucks, and minivans (37%); medium- and heavy-duty trucks (23%); passenger cars (21%); commercial aircraft (7%); other aircraft (2%); pipelines (4%); ships and boats (3%); and rail (2%). In terms of the overall trend, from 1990 to 2021, total transportation emissions have increased due, in large part, to increased demand for travel. The number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by light-duty motor vehicles (passenger cars and light-duty trucks) increased by 45% from 1990 to 2021, as a result of a confluence of factors including population growth, economic growth, urban sprawl, and periods of low fuel prices. Between 1990 and 2004, average fuel economy among new vehicles sold annually declined, as sales of light-duty trucks increased. Starting in 2005, average new vehicle fuel economy began to increase, while light-duty VMT grew only modestly for much of the period. Average new vehicle fuel economy has improved almost every year since 2005, slowing the rate of increase of CO2 emissions. Learn more about Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation, 1990-2021 Emissions involved in the use of electricity for transportation activities are included above, but not shown separately (as was done for other sectors). These indirect emissions are negligible, accounting for less than 1% of the total emissions shown in the graph. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Reducing Emissions from Transportation There are a variety of opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation. The table shown below categorizes these opportunities and provides examples. For a more comprehensive list, see Chapter 10 of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.1 Examples of Reduction Opportunities in the Transportation Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced Examples Fuel Switching Using fuels that emit less CO2 than fuels currently being used. Alternative sources can include biofuels; hydrogen; electricity from renewable sources, such as wind and solar; or fossil fuels that are less CO2-intensive than the fuels that they replace. Learn more about Green Vehicles and Alternative and Renewable Fuels. Using public buses that are powered by renewable fuels, electricity, or compressed natural gas rather than conventional gasoline or diesel. Using electric, plug-in hybrid electric, or hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Using renewable fuels such as low-carbon biofuels. Improving Fuel Efficiency with Advanced Design, Materials, and Technologies Using advanced technologies, design, and materials to develop more fuel-efficient vehicles. Learn about EPA's vehicle greenhouse gas rules. Developing advanced vehicle technologies such as hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles, that can store energy from braking and use it for power later. Reducing the weight of materials used to build vehicles. Reducing the aerodynamic resistance of vehicles through better shape design. Improving Operating Practices Adopting practices that minimize fuel use. Improving driving practices and vehicle maintenance. Learn about how the freight transportation industry can reduce emissions through EPA's SmartWay Program. Reducing the average taxi time for aircraft. Driving sensibly (avoiding rapid acceleration and braking, observing the speed limit). Reducing engine-idling. Improved voyage planning for ships, such as through improved weather routing, to increase fuel efficiency. Reducing Travel Demand Employing urban planning to reduce the number of miles that people drive each day. Reducing the need for driving through travel efficiency measures such as commuter, biking, and pedestrian programs. Learn about EPA's Smart Growth Program. Building public transportation, sidewalks, and bike paths to increase lower-emission transportation choices. Zoning for mixed use areas, so that residences, schools, stores, and businesses are close together, reducing the need for driving. References IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 Industry Sector Emissions Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total Emissions in 2021 = 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print The Industry sector produces the goods and raw materials we use every day. The greenhouse gases emitted during industrial production are split into two categories: direct emissions that are produced at the facility, and indirect emissions that occur off site but are associated with the facility's use of electricity. Direct emissions are produced by burning fuel for power or heat, through chemical reactions, and from leaks from industrial processes or equipment. Most direct emissions come from the consumption of fossil fuels for energy. A smaller amount of direct emissions, roughly one third, come from leaks from natural gas and petroleum systems, the use of fuels in production (e.g., petroleum products used to make plastics), and chemical reactions during the production of chemicals, metals (e.g., iron and steel), and minerals (e.g., cement). Indirect emissions are produced by burning fossil fuel at a power plant to make electricity, which is then used by an industrial facility to power industrial buildings and machinery. More information about facility-level emissions from large industrial sources is available through EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program data publication tool. National-level information about emissions from industry as a whole can be found in the sections on Fossil Fuel Combustion and the Industrial Processes chapter in the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. Trends In 2021, direct industrial greenhouse gas emissions accounted for 23% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, making it the third largest contributor to U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, after the Transportation and Electric Power sectors. From 2020 to 2021, total energy use in the industrial sector increased by just over 1%. Including both direct emissions and indirect emissions associated with electricity use, industry's share of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions in 2021 was 30%, making it the largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions of any sector. Total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from industry, including electricity, have declined by 14% since 1990. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Industry, 1990-2021 All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Reducing Emissions from Industry There are a wide variety of industrial activities that cause greenhouse gas emissions, and many opportunities to reduce them. The table shown below provides some examples of opportunities for industry to reduce emissions. For a more comprehensive list, see Chapter 11 of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 1 Examples of Reduction Opportunities for the Industry Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced Examples Energy Efficiency Upgrading to more efficient industrial technology. EPA's ENERGY STAR® program helps industries become more energy-efficient. Identifying ways that manufacturers can use less energy for industrial processes and to run equipment. Fuel Switching Switching to fuels that result in less CO2 emissions but the same amount of energy, when combusted. Using natural gas instead of coal as process input. Recycling Producing industrial products from materials that are recycled or renewable, rather than producing new products from raw materials. Using scrap steel and scrap aluminum as opposed to smelting new aluminum or forging new steel. Training and Awareness Making companies and workers aware of the steps to reduce or prevent emissions leaks from equipment. EPA has a variety of resources for training and other steps for reducing emissions. EPA has experience working with the aluminum, semiconductor, and magnesium industries. Instituting handling policies and procedures for perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) that reduce occurrences of accidental releases and leaks from containers and equipment. References IPCC, 2022: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926 Commercial and Residential Sector Emissions Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total Emissions in 2021 = 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print The Residential and Commercial sectors include all homes and commercial businesses (excluding agricultural and industrial activities). Greenhouse gas emissions from this sector come from direct emissions including fossil fuel combustion for heating and cooking needs, management of waste and wastewater, and leaks from refrigerants in homes and businesses, as well as indirect emissions that occur offsite but are associated with use of electricity by homes and businesses. Direct emissions are produced from residential and commercial activities in a variety of ways: Combustion of natural gas and petroleum products for heating and cooking emits carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Emissions from natural gas consumption represent 80 % of the direct fossil fuel CO2 emissions from the residential and commercial sector in 2021. Coal consumption is a minor component of energy use in both of these sectors. Organic waste sent to landfills emits CH4. Wastewater treatment plants emit CH4 and N2O. Anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities emits CH4. Fluorinated gases (mainly hydrofluorocarbons, or HFCs) used in air conditioning and refrigeration systems can be released during servicing or from leaking equipment. Indirect emissions are produced by burning fossil fuel at a power plant to make electricity, which is then used in residential and commercial activities, such as lighting and for appliances. Note: Residential and commercial sector emissions presented here do not necessarily represent the full suite of emissions related to buildings and the broader built environment. The commercial and residential sectors numbers don’t include any emissions/sinks from production of construction materials (e.g., upstream emissions from production of cement, emissions and sinks from land use changes, etc). Those would be reflected in other sectors. Also, as shown above, emissions from these sectors include other emissions that do not occur at the building site (i.e., landfills, etc.). Furthermore, energy use in these sectors may also include energy used for equipment (such as motor gasoline used for non-highway vehicles or lawn and garden equipment), exterior lighting, or construction. In addition, energy use for some large buildings, such as energy-intensive office buildings and factories with large onsite combustion, are typically included in industrial sector energy use. More national-level information about emissions from the residential and commercial sector can be found in the U.S. Inventory's Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Energy chapters (Chapters 2 and 4 respectively). Trends In 2021, direct greenhouse gas emissions from homes and businesses accounted for 13% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from homes and businesses vary from year to year, often correlated with annual fluctuations in energy use caused primarily by weather conditions. Total residential and commercial greenhouse gas emissions, including direct and indirect emissions, in 2021 have decreased by 2% since 1990. Greenhouse gas emissions from on-site direct emissions in homes and businesses have increased by 2% since 1990. Additionally, indirect emissions from electricity use by homes and businesses increased from 1990 to 2007 but have decreased since then to approximately 4% below 1990 levels in 2021. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Homes and Businesses, 1990-2021 All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Reducing Emissions from Homes and Businesses The table shown below provides examples of opportunities to reduce emissions from homes and businesses. For a more comprehensive list of options and a detailed assessment of how each option affects different gases, see Chapter 9 and Chapter 12 of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Examples of Reduction Opportunities in the Residential and Commercial Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced Examples Homes and Commercial Buildings Reducing energy use through energy efficiency. Homes and commercial buildings use large amounts of energy for heating, cooling, lighting, and other functions. Energy-efficient building practices and retrofits can allow new and existing buildings to use less energy to accomplish the same functions, leading to fewer greenhouse gas emissions. Techniques to improve building energy efficiency include better insulation and building envelope improvements; more energy-efficient heating, cooling, ventilation, and refrigeration systems; efficient LED lighting; passive heating and lighting to take advantage of sunlight; and the purchase of energy-efficient appliances and electronics. Learn more about ENERGY STAR®. Wastewater Treatment Making water and wastewater systems more energy-efficient. Drinking water and wastewater systems account for approximately 2% of energy use in the United States. By incorporating energy efficiency practices into their water and wastewater plant, municipalities and utilities can save 15 to 30% in energy use. Learn more about Energy Efficiency for Water and Wastewater Utilities. Waste Management Reducing solid waste sent to landfills. Capturing and using methane produced in current landfills. When solid waste decomposes in landfills, it creates landfill gas, which is primarily comprised of CO2 and CH4. There are a number of well established, low-cost methods to reduce greenhouse gases from consumer waste, including recycling programs, waste reduction programs, and landfill methane capture programs. Learn about recycling Learn about WARM, EPA's Waste Reduction Model. Learn about EPA's Landfill Methane Outreach Program, which promotes the recovery and use of landfill gas. Learn about appliance recycling from EPA’s Responsible Appliance Disposal program. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Reducing leakage from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment. Using refrigerants with lower global warming potentials. Commonly used refrigerants in homes and businesses include ozone-depleting refrigerants, and blends consisting entirely or primarily of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Both HCFCs and HFCs are potent greenhouse gases. In recent years there have been several advancements in air conditioning and refrigeration technology that can help homes and businesses reduce both refrigerant charges and refrigerant emissions. For instance, in the retail food sector, learn more about EPA's GreenChill Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from supermarkets. Agriculture Sector Emissions Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector in 2021 Total Emissions in 2021 = 6,340 Million Metric Tons of CO₂ equivalent. Percentages may not add up to 100% due to independent rounding. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry in the United States is a net sink and offsets 12% of these greenhouse gas emissions. This net sink is not shown in the above diagram. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Agricultural activities — crop and livestock production — contribute to emissions in a variety of ways: Various management practices on agricultural soils can lead to increased availability of nitrogen in the soil and result in emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Specific activities that contribute to N2O emissions from agricultural lands include the application of synthetic and organic fertilizers, the growth of nitrogen-fixing crops, the drainage of organic soils, and irrigation practices. Management of agricultural soils accounts for just over half of the greenhouse gas emissions from the Agriculture sector.* Livestock, especially ruminants such as cattle, produce methane (CH4) as part of their normal digestive processes. This process is called enteric fermentation, and it represents over a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions from the Agriculture sector. The way in which manure from livestock is managed also contributes to CH4 and N2O emissions. Different manure treatment and storage methods affect how much of these greenhouse gases are produced. Manure management accounts for about 11% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from the Agriculture sector in the United States. Smaller sources of agricultural emissions include CO2 from liming and urea application, CH4 from rice cultivation, and burning crop residues, which produces CH4 and N2O. More information about emissions from agriculture can be found in the agriculture chapter in the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. * Management of croplands and grasslands can also lead to emissions or sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2). These emissions and removals are included under the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry sector. Trends In 2021, greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector accounted for 10% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture have increased by 7% since 1990. Agricultural soil management activities, such as application of synthetic and organic fertilizers, deposition of livestock manure, and growing nitrogen fixing plants, were the largest contributors to U.S. N2O emissions in 2021, accounting for 75% of total N2O emissions. Emissions from other agricultural sources have generally remained flat or changed by a relatively small amount since 1990. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture, 1990-2021 All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Reducing Emissions from Agriculture The table shown below provides examples of opportunities to reduce emissions from agriculture. For a more comprehensive list of options and a detailed assessment of how each option affects different gases, see Chapter 7 of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Examples of Reduction Opportunities for the Agriculture Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced Examples Land and Crop Management Adjusting the methods for managing land and growing crops. Fertilizing crops with the appropriate amount of nitrogen required for optimal crop production, since over-application of nitrogen can lead to higher nitrous oxide emissions without enhancing crop production. Draining water from wetland rice soils during the growing season to reduce methane emissions. Livestock Management Adjusting feeding practices and other management methods to reduce the amount of methane resulting from enteric fermentation. Improving pasture quality to increase animal productivity, which can reduce the amount of methane emitted per unit of animal product. Also, increased productivity in livestock can be introduced through improved breeding practices. Manure Management Controlling the way in which manure decomposes to reduce nitrous oxide and methane emissions. Capturing methane from manure decomposition to produce renewable energy. Handling manure as a solid or depositing it on pasture rather than storing it in a liquid-based system such as a lagoon would likely reduce methane emissions but may increase nitrous oxide emissions. Storing manure in anaerobic lagoons to maximize methane production and then capturing the methane to use as an energy substitute for fossil fuels. For more information on capturing methane from manure management systems, see EPA's AgSTAR Program, a voluntary outreach and education program that promotes recovery and use of methane from animal manure. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry Sector Emissions and Sequestration Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere as they grow, and they store some of this carbon as perennial aboveground and belowground biomass throughout their lifetime. Soils and dead organic matter/litter can also store some of the carbon from these plants depending on how the soil is managed and other environmental conditions (e.g., climate). This storage of carbon in plants, dead organic matter/litter and soils is called biological carbon sequestration. Because biological sequestration takes CO2 out of the atmosphere and stores it in these carbon pools, it is also called a carbon "sink." Emissions or sequestration of CO2, as well as emissions of CH4 and N2O, can occur from management of lands in their current use or as lands are converted to other land uses. Carbon dioxide is exchanged between the atmosphere and the plants and soils on land, for example, as cropland is converted into grassland, as lands are cultivated for crops, or as forests grow. In addition, using biological feedstocks (such as energy crops or wood) for purposes such as electricity generation, as inputs to processes that create liquid fuels, or as building materials can lead to emissions or sequestration.* In the United States overall, Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) activities have resulted in more removal of CO2 from the atmosphere than emissions. Because of this, the LULUCF sector in the United States is considered a net sink, rather than a source, of CO2. In many areas of the world, the opposite is true, particularly in countries where large areas of forest land are cleared, often for conversion to agricultural purposes or for settlements. In these situations, the LULUCF sector can be a net source of greenhouse gas emissions. More national-level information about land use, land-use change, and forestry is available from the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry chapter in the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks. For more information on emissions and sequestration from forest land and urban trees in settlement areas, see also the USDA's USFS Resource Bulletin. For more information about global emissions from land use and forestry activities, see EPA's Global Greenhouse Gas emissions page and the Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. * Emissions and sequestration of CO2 are presented under the Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry sector in the Inventory. Emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) also occur as a result of land use and management activities in the LULUCF sector. Other emissions from CH4, and N2O are also presented in the Energy sector. Emissions and Trends In 2021, the net CO2 removed from the atmosphere from the LULUCF sector was 12% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. Between 1990 and 2021, total carbon sequestration in the LULUCF sector decreased by 14%, primarily due to a decrease in the rate of net carbon accumulation in forests, as well as an increase in CO2 emissions from urbanization. Additionally, while episodic in nature, increased CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from forest fires have also occurred over the time series. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals from U.S. Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry, 1990-2021* *Note: The LULUCF sector is a net "sink" of emissions in the United States (e.g., more greenhouse gas emissions are sequestered than emitted from land use activities), so net greenhouse gas emissions from LULUCF are negative. All emission estimates from the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2021.Image to save or print Reducing Emissions and Enhancing Sinks from Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry In the LULUCF sector, opportunities exist to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase the potential to sequester carbon from the atmosphere by enhancing sinks. The table shown below provides some examples of opportunities for both reducing emissions and enhancing sinks. For a more comprehensive list, see Chapter 7 of the Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Examples of Reduction Opportunities in the LULUCF Sector Type How Emissions Are Reduced or Sinks Are Enhanced Examples Change in Uses of Land Increasing carbon storage by using land differently or maintaining carbon storage by avoiding land degradation. Afforestation and minimizing the conversion of forest land to other land uses, such as settlements, croplands, or grasslands. Changes in Land Management Practices Improving management practices on existing land-use types. Utilizing reduced tillage practices on cropland and improved grazing management practices on grassland. Planting after natural or human-induced forest disturbances to accelerate vegetation growth and minimize soil carbon losses. 6,340 million metric tons of CO2: What does that mean? An Explanation of Units A million metric tons equals about 2.2 billion pounds, or 1 trillion grams. For comparison, a small car is likely to weigh a little more than 1 metric ton. Thus, a million metric tons are roughly the same mass as 1 million small cars! The U.S. Inventory uses metric units for consistency and comparability with other countries. For reference, a metric ton is slightly more (approximately 10%) than a U.S. "short" ton. Greenhouse gas emissions are often measured in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. To convert emissions of a gas into CO2 equivalent, its emissions are multiplied by the gas's Global Warming Potential (GWP). The GWP takes into account the fact that many gases are more effective at warming Earth than CO2, per unit mass. The GWP values appearing in the Overview of Greenhouse Gases and Sources of Greenhouse Gas web pages reflect the values used in the U.S. Inventory, which are drawn from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). For further discussion of GWPs and an estimate of greenhouse gas emissions using updated GWPs, see Annex 6 of the U.S. Inventory and the IPCC's discussion on GWPs (PDF) (106 pp, 7.7MB). 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
turbguy + 1,540 March 31 (edited) 15 hours ago, Ecocharger said: One at a time, try thinking before speaking. This is a problem for all renewables, not just battery electricity. Wind turbines as well. It means that the renewable sector is even worse than we thought, not just producing high amounts of CO2, but also SF6 which appears to be the greater threat than CO2 going forward if fossil fuels are to be replaced with electrical energy. Perhaps Coe et al. will do another study looking at SF6, that would be interesting indeed. I do not care about greenhouse gases? Nonsense, the point made by the study of Coe et al. is that the predominant greenhouse gas is H2O, which even the NASA climate folks are now coming around to accepting. But this comparison of fossil fuel and CO2 with the SF6 resulting from electrical energy shows that the cure may be worse than the disease, whatever reduction in greenhouse effect is obtained by reducing CO2 is more than lost by increased SF6. In other words, the campaign against CO2 is worthless when the replacement source of energy creates an even greater greenhouse effect. Read carefully, "SF6 is mostly used inside switchgear – which is an absolutely essential component of any electricity grid. They are also used inside wind turbines, which means that neither wind energy as such, nor electricity, in general, can be claimed to be completely environmentally friendly." SF6 "inside wind turbines"? Typically, dry air (or perhaps vacuum) breakers are used in MV switchgear, with SF6 used "more exclusively" in HV or EHV switchgear. Most land-based wind turbines use MV switchgear, although there can be exceptions with larger machines or challenging locations (such as offshore farms) . It depends on the sizing of conductors ($/ft) required in the "collection grid" from a wind farm. That said, some MV switchgear is indeed insulated with SF6. "Completely environmentally friendly"? Who here EVER said that electricity is COMPLETELY environmentally friendly? Even composting has environmental effects that can be considered "non-friendly". That said, SF6 is most definitely a problem if not handled properly. The EPA identified Sulfur Hexafluoride as a greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential 23,900 (+/-) times the effect of an equal mass of CO₂, and an atmospheric lifetime of 3200 (+/-) years. Very stable "stuff". Ouch! There are very strict policies and procedures used when servicing SF6 insulated switchgear, not only to minimize releases, but to protect personnel. It can degrade into some nasty stuff (such as HF acid if moisture is involved). And it's MV (and even HV) use will eventually be eliminated. https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-supplies-sf6-free-high-voltage-switchgear-english-wind-farm https://www.siemensgamesa.com/explore/journal/2022/11/sustainability-sf6-greenhouse-gas-climate-positive Edited March 31 by turbguy 3 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 12 hours ago, Ecocharger said: Read the material, SF6 is many thousands of times more powerful as a greenhouse gas than CO2. A much greater concern and wholly the fault of the renewable sector. Absolutely is not wholly the fault of the renewable sector. You going to blame all electrical transmission issues on renewable energy now? Just have to ignore all those fossil fuel power plants. If you read what you posted it clearly say it is a problem with any electrical grid. Furthermore, the substance can be phased out just like we did with toxic PCB's they use put in transformers. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 19 hours ago, Ecocharger said: SF6 is mostly used inside switchgear – which is an absolutely essential component of any electricity grid. Once again. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 19 hours ago, Ecocharger said: https://plana.earth/academy/most-powerful-greenhouse-gas#:~:text=You read right%3A SF6 is,23%2C900 tonnes of CO2. Your link also discusses a solution, you of course ignored that part. "An eco-friendly alternative to SF6-using switchgear has been developed by Nuventura, which is currently in a pilot stage in collaboration with one of the biggest German energy companies – Innogy/Westnetz. In a nutshell, they redesigned the switchgear’s basic principles, so that instead of using SF6 as the insulating medium, it is now possible to simply use the air we all breathe. Their design has simplified the traditional switchgear design and allows for additional monitoring features that improve the performance of the SF6-using switchgear. This will not remove SF6 switch gears from the market altogether nor instantly, but this is a major step to lowering invisible pollution and solving a problem that is equivalent to 100,000,000 extra cars on the road each year." 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 3 hours ago, turbguy said: There are very strict policies and procedures used when servicing SF6 insulated switchgear, not only to minimize releases, but to protect personnel. It can degrade into some nasty stuff (such as HF acid if moisture is involved). Worst is if someone is smoking, as the gas flows though the burning cherry it breaks down into the said nasty stuff. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 41 minutes ago, TailingsPond said: Absolutely is not wholly the fault of the renewable sector. You going to blame all electrical transmission issues on renewable energy now? Just have to ignore all those fossil fuel power plants. If you read what you posted it clearly say it is a problem with any electrical grid. Furthermore, the substance can be phased out just like we did with toxic PCB's they use put in transformers. And the electrical grid is going to have to undergo massive expansion if anyone wants to transition away from fossil fuels. By a huge quantum factor of expansion. Furthermore, unlike CO2, SF6 accumulates for long periods of time and just builds. Eventually SF6 is a much greater long term greenhouse gas problem than CO2, and that problem will be exponentially worsened if there is a transition into electrical energy. 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 17 hours ago, TailingsPond said: Fossil fuels are used to make electricity. How about the oil industry fixes the much larger methane leaks first? However, I'm glad you now see that the future is (green) electric. No, the future is not electrical. Going electric will not fix any possible CO2 problem, because CO2 will also increase with more electrical energy. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 39 minutes ago, TailingsPond said: Your link also discusses a solution, you of course ignored that part. "An eco-friendly alternative to SF6-using switchgear has been developed by Nuventura, which is currently in a pilot stage in collaboration with one of the biggest German energy companies – Innogy/Westnetz. In a nutshell, they redesigned the switchgear’s basic principles, so that instead of using SF6 as the insulating medium, it is now possible to simply use the air we all breathe. Their design has simplified the traditional switchgear design and allows for additional monitoring features that improve the performance of the SF6-using switchgear. This will not remove SF6 switch gears from the market altogether nor instantly, but this is a major step to lowering invisible pollution and solving a problem that is equivalent to 100,000,000 extra cars on the road each year." There are potential solutions to everything, but nothing has been done yet. That source is not current but about five years old. What happened? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 (edited) 4 hours ago, turbguy said: SF6 "inside wind turbines"? Typically, dry air (or perhaps vacuum) breakers are used in MV switchgear, with SF6 used "more exclusively" in HV or EHV switchgear. Most land-based wind turbines use MV switchgear, although there can be exceptions with larger machines or challenging locations (such as offshore farms) . It depends on the sizing of conductors ($/ft) required in the "collection grid" from a wind farm. That said, some MV switchgear is indeed insulated with SF6. "Completely environmentally friendly"? Who here EVER said that electricity is COMPLETELY environmentally friendly? Even composting has environmental effects that can be considered "non-friendly". That said, SF6 is most definitely a problem if not handled properly. The EPA identified Sulfur Hexafluoride as a greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential 23,900 (+/-) times the effect of an equal mass of CO₂, and an atmospheric lifetime of 3200 (+/-) years. Very stable "stuff". Ouch! There are very strict policies and procedures used when servicing SF6 insulated switchgear, not only to minimize releases, but to protect personnel. It can degrade into some nasty stuff (such as HF acid if moisture is involved). And it's MV (and even HV) use will eventually be eliminated. https://press.siemens.com/global/en/pressrelease/siemens-supplies-sf6-free-high-voltage-switchgear-english-wind-farm https://www.siemensgamesa.com/explore/journal/2022/11/sustainability-sf6-greenhouse-gas-climate-positive SF6 is by far the most potent greenhouse gas and does not dissipate, unlike CO2 and H2O. H2O is actually the most important greenhouse gas in terms of overall impact. So whatever climate effects are related to greenhouse effects are primarily caused by H2O. Even NASA researchers have accepted that. However, expanding electrical energy sources will ramp up production of SF6 by huge factors, and the unending accumulation of SF6 will eventually be an irrecoverable greenhouse problem. "Even worse, SF6 is synthetic and it does not have a natural sink or any effective disposal methods, thus, when emitted, simply accumulates in the atmosphere. A cherry on top is that its atmospheric lifetime can be up to 3,200 years, which is well beyond CO2‘s 100-200- year lifetime. A gas 24k times more powerful than CO2 with a lifetime 16 times longer than CO2 is being released into our atmosphere, and very few people have the least idea." Edited March 31 by Ecocharger Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL March 31 (edited) Uncle Joe Biden has pleaded with the American oil industry to ramp up oil production and provide cheap gasoline for the American people, climate goals are meaningless. The public stock of fossil fuel vehicles has increased by quantum factors during the Biden administration. I guess the White House is aware that CO2 control is a foolish dream for gullible voters. Truth is, Biden is helpful to Big OIl. https://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Against-All-Odds-American-Oil-Soars-Under-Biden.html "...profits of the top five publicly traded oil companies, namely Exxon Mobil Corp. (NYSE:XOM), Chevron Corp.(NYSE:CVX), BP Inc.(NYSE:BP), Shell Plc (NYSE:SHEL) and TotalEnergies SE (NYSE:TTE) rocketed to $410 billion during the first three years of the Biden administration, a 100% increase compared to the corresponding period of Donald Trump’s presidency. Not surprisingly, oil and gas investors have been handsomely rewarded under the Biden administration, with energy shares jumping 124% so far since Biden took over at the Oval Office vs.-65% decline for the comparable period under Trump." Edited March 31 by Ecocharger Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 44 minutes ago, Ecocharger said: And the electrical grid is going to have to undergo massive expansion if anyone wants to transition away from fossil fuels. By a huge quantum factor of expansion. Furthermore, unlike CO2, SF6 accumulates for long periods of time and just builds. Eventually SF6 is a much greater long term greenhouse gas problem than CO2, and that problem will be exponentially worsened if there is a transition into electrical energy. If you don't believe the future is electric you have no problem. Complaining about a future problem that you simultaneously say will not happen is illogical. Why are you still mentioning CO2? We know your misguided beliefs on that already. You are certain CO2 presents no problem, why would 24,000 times zero be a problem for you? After all 24,000 x 0 = 0 FYI a quantum factor would be very small, not huge. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 1 hour ago, Ecocharger said: No, the future is not electrical. Going electric will not fix any possible CO2 problem, because CO2 will also increase with more electrical energy. Why is there going to be more electrical energy? Hmm? Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
TailingsPond + 874 GE March 31 (edited) 44 minutes ago, Ecocharger said: Uncle Joe Biden has pleaded with the American oil industry to ramp up oil production and provide cheap gasoline for the American people, climate goals are meaningless. The public stock of fossil fuel vehicles has increased by quantum factors during the Biden administration. If climate goals are meaningless why care about CF6? Nobody is saying CF6 is just fine, it is not one or the other with greenhouse gas reductions. CO2, methane, CF6 etc. ALL need to be reduced. More quantum factors? LOL Edited March 31 by TailingsPond Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
notsonice + 1,255 DM April 1 On 3/31/2024 at 1:10 PM, Ecocharger said: No, the future is not electrical. Going electric will not fix any possible CO2 problem, because CO2 will also increase with more electrical energy. CO2 will also increase with more electrical energy.???? outright wrong as you always are No, the future is not electrical.?????only a Luddite would state stupid comments as you always do tackling methane emmissions and SFP are important and should be done now Peak carbon (CO2) emissions is here now and it is down hill for carbon as the Green Agenda heads uphill RFI World's carbon emissions could start to fall for first time in 2024 Global carbon emissions may have peaked in 2023 – the hottest year in history – as efforts to step up renewable energy and step back from... . Jan 1, 2024 WSJ China's Carbon Emissions Are Set to Decline Years Earlier Than Expected China's rollout of 300 gigawatts of new wind and solar power last year was for the first time enough to cover its new electricity demand. . 1 month ago The Guardian Global carbon emissions from electric power may peak this year, report says Global carbon emissions from electric power may peak this year, report says ... Carbon emissions from the global electricity sector may peak this... . Oct 4, 2023 Energy Post The link between global GDP growth and CO2 emissions is weakening rapidly. Will emissions peak well before 2030? Global CO2 emissions can peak well before 2030 · Rapid growth in clean energy investment. · A growing trend of electrification globally, in... . 1 month ago 2 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL April 2 On 3/31/2024 at 4:10 PM, TailingsPond said: If you don't believe the future is electric you have no problem. Complaining about a future problem that you simultaneously say will not happen is illogical. Why are you still mentioning CO2? We know your misguided beliefs on that already. You are certain CO2 presents no problem, why would 24,000 times zero be a problem for you? After all 24,000 x 0 = 0 FYI a quantum factor would be very small, not huge. Any transition to electric from fossil fuels would mean an exponential increase in SF6 into a quantum leap. That would pose a serious problem with a substance which only builds and does not dissipate. CO2 is not a significant greenhouse gas, H2O is now acknowledged by the NASA scientists as the predominant greenhouse gas, but we can do little about H2O. SF6 is something we can deal with. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Ecocharger + 1,459 DL April 2 On 3/31/2024 at 4:15 PM, TailingsPond said: If climate goals are meaningless why care about CF6? Nobody is saying CF6 is just fine, it is not one or the other with greenhouse gas reductions. CO2, methane, CF6 etc. ALL need to be reduced. More quantum factors? LOL Methane is not a significant greenhouse gas problem. Going electric means a massive increase in SF6, which does not even dissipate, a real problem there. But also going electric increases CO2, so that is a really a foolish plan if the purpose is to reduce greenhouse gases. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
notsonice + 1,255 DM April 2 28 minutes ago, Ecocharger said: Methane is not a significant greenhouse gas problem. Going electric means a massive increase in SF6, which does not even dissipate, a real problem there. But also going electric increases CO2, so that is a really a foolish plan if the purpose is to reduce greenhouse gases. and you keep posting garbage as you exhale more CO2 and Methane yourself You are a significant greenhouse gas problem. Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Rob Plant + 2,756 RP April 2 (edited) On 3/28/2024 at 3:10 PM, Eyes Wide Open said: I must say....you are without doubt perhaps the dullest tool I've yet to encounter. Let's sharpen that keen reasoning you employ. Using your profound reasoning skills there is now over 100,000 ships in the fleet...that yields over 2000 times the pollution of all the worlds autos combined. Health risks of shipping pollution have been 'underestimated' This article is more than 14 years old One giant container ship can emit almost the same amount of cancer and asthma-causing chemicals as 50m cars, study finds Confidential data from maritime industry insiders based on engine size and the quality of fuel typically used by ships and cars shows that just 15 of the world's biggest ships may now emit as much pollution as all the world's 760m cars. Low-grade ship bunker fuel (or fuel oil) has up to 2,000 times the sulphur content of diesel fuel used in US and European automobiles. Europe, which has some of the busiest shipping lanes in the world, has dramatically cleaned up sulphur and nitrogen emissions from land-based transport in the past 20 years but has resisted imposing tight laws on the shipping industry, even though the technology exists to remove emissions. Cars driving 15,000km a year emit approximately 101 grammes of sulphur oxide gases (or SOx) in that time. The world's largest ships' diesel engines which typically operate for about 280 days a year generate roughly 5,200 tonnes of SOx. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/apr/09/shipping-pollution Particulate matter emissions from oceangoing ship engines were estimated to contribute to the premature deaths of tens of thousands of people globally," Corbett said in an interview. That number, the professor said, totals about 60,000 deaths a year worldwide. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/mar/31/noaa-pollution-florida-freighters-tankers-cruise-ships Blimey EWO you really are as sharp as a donkey arent you. We were discussing air pollution over cities remember??? or have you got dementia?? How many cargo ships travel through Los Angeles or any other major smog affected cities??? Edited April 2 by Rob Plant 2 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Rob Plant + 2,756 RP April 2 On 3/28/2024 at 3:34 PM, Eyes Wide Open said: LMAO Eco you say? Do pay attention! The low grade bunker fuel used by the worlds 90,000 cargo ships contains up to 2,000 times the amount of sulfur compared to diesel fuel used in automobiles. The recent boom in the global trade of manufactured goods has also resulted in a new breed of super sized container ship which consume fuel not by the gallons, but by tons per hour, and shipping now accounts for 90% of global trade by volume. Shipping is by far the biggest transport polluter in the world. There are 760 million cars in the world today emitting approx 78,599 tons of Sulphur Oxides (SOx) annually. The world's 90,000 vessels burn approx 370 million tons of fuel per year emitting 20 million tons of Sulphur Oxides. That equates to 260 times more Sulphur Oxides being emitted by ships than the worlds entire car fleet. One large ship alone can generate approx 5,200 tonnes of sulphur oxide pollution in a year, meaning that 15 of the largest ships now emit as much SOx as the worlds 760 million cars. https://livebunkers.com/bunker-fuel-pollution#:~:text=The low grade bunker fuel,diesel fuel used in automobiles. Yes ECO!!!! I was replying to him you moron! 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
Rob Plant + 2,756 RP April 2 On 3/29/2024 at 5:53 AM, Ecocharger said: I guess you missed the point, Rob. Despite massive increase in the use of fossil fuels, air pollution has actually declined drastically. Obviously, this is not a problem related to fossil fuels, but to new technology solutions. Those studies you referred to earlier were not trend studies, just snapshots without any context. You have to look at trends and achievable goals. clean air act 1970 Jesus cant you read either??? 1 Quote Share this post Link to post Share on other sites
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